Summary: New research reveals that the brain stores memories of cold experiences, which can later trigger metabolic responses in anticipation of cold environments. Mice trained to associate visual cues with cold temperatures began to increase their metabolism when shown those cues—even at room temperature.
This response was linked to specific memory-encoding neurons, or “engrams,” in the hippocampus that drive thermogenesis via brown fat activation. The findings could have major implications for treating disorders like obesity and cancer, where metabolism and thermoregulation play key roles.
Key Facts:
- Cold Memories Exist: Mice formed lasting memories of cold that altered their metabolism.
- Engrams Identified: Activating or silencing cold-specific hippocampal engrams changed metabolic responses.
- Therapeutic Potential: Insights into cold memory could inform treatments for obesity and cancer.
Source: TCD
New multidisciplinary research led by Prof. Tomás Ryan from Trinity College Dublin shows that the brain forms memories of cold experiences and uses them to control our metabolism.
This newly published study is the first to show that cold memories form in the brain, and map out how they subsequently drive thermoregulation.
The discovery may have important applications in therapies designed to treat a range of disorders – from obesity to cancer – in which thermoregulation and metabolism (or a lack of control in this area) plays a role, as well as opening the door to more fundamental research, which could help us better understand how memories impact our behaviour and emotions.
In 1897, the physiologist Ivan Pavlov first described classical conditioning, where animals and humans form associations between different aspects of the environment.
He showed that dogs could be trained to salivate in hopeful anticipation of food, when an associated bell was rung. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning has since become a core staple of neuroscience and psychology.
Long-term memories are stored in the brain as ensembles of inter-connected cells, termed engrams. Increasingly, modern neuroscience is beginning to identify engrams that encode for bodily representations, such as experiences of infection; inflammation; food consumption; and pain.
The researchers behind this work hypothesised that the brain may form engrams for temperature representations, and that these would serve to help an organism survive in changing temperatures. But to identity these engrams they first had to test whether cold memories could form in the first place.
While memories are generally measured as changes in animal behaviour, the Ryan Lab collaborated with Prof. Lydia Lynch (then at Trinity College Dublin, now at Princeton University).
They focused on metabolism as a first-order readout of cold experience, because mammals are known to increase their metabolism to create heat in the body when the environment is cold, via a process of adaptive thermogenesis.
Lead author of the article published today in the leading international journal, Nature, Dr Andrea Muñoz Zamora, successfully trained mice to associate a cold experience of 4 °C with novel visual cues that were only present in designated cold contexts.
After a few days, mice were presented with the visual cues in the same context, but at room temperature.
Crucially, the team discovered that the animals would upregulate their metabolism to induce predictive thermogenesis when they were “expecting” the environment to be cold.
Having established that mice could form memories of cold experiences, the team then delved into how this was happening in the brain. Using activity-dependent gene labelling, the scientists were able to genetically hitchhike onto the engram cells coding for the cold memory in a brain region known as the hippocampus.
Remarkably, when these cold engram cells were artificially stimulated (using a technique called optogenetics), the mice increased their metabolism in order to generate heat.
And in a converse experiment, to double-check the central finding, when cold engram cells were inhibited the mice were unable to express cold memories in response to the conditioned visual cues.
Dr Muñoz Zamora, said: “We discovered that when mice are exposed to a cold temperature they form memories that allow them to up-regulate their body’s metabolism when they anticipate cold experiences in the future.”
Prof. Lynch added: “A large part of this learned control of body temperature seems to be due to increased activity of brown adipose tissue – or brown fat – which can be controlled by innervations originating in the brain.
“Our brain must learn from the bodily experiences of cold, but then feeds back to control how our fat cells respond to cold.”
Dr Aaron Douglas, who was joint lead author on the study, said: “Numerous clinical disorders, ranging from obesity to forms of cancer, may be treated by manipulating thermoregulation through brown adipose tissue. In the future, it will be important to test whether the manipulation of cold memories in humans could provide novel avenues for altering metabolism for therapeutic purposes.”
This research opens many new doors for further discovery research, as well as the development of treatments. Understanding how representations of cold experiences affect broader brain functions such as emotion, decision-making, and social behaviour will provide insights into the embodied nature of the mind, for example.
“The sophisticated aspects of our minds evolved from more basic, visceral, bodily representations,” said Prof. Ryan.
“Understanding how these components of our brain affect our behaviour in general is crucial to understanding our emotions and our use of memory.”
“This integrative piece of work offers a quintessential example of inter-disciplinary science. Neuroscience requires collaboration and it was the synergy with Prof. Lynch that allowed the unusual combination of memory engram work with metabolism research.”
About this memory and metabolism research news
Author: Thomas Deane
Source: TCD
Contact: Thomas Deane – TCD
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Cold memories control whole-body thermoregulatory responses” by Lydia Lynch et al. Nature
Abstract
Cold memories control whole-body thermoregulatory responses
Environmental thermal challenges trigger the brain to coordinate both autonomic and behavioural responses to maintain optimal body temperature.
It is unknown how temperature information is precisely stored and retrieved in the brain and how it is converted into a physiological response.
Here we investigated whether memories could control whole-body metabolism by training mice to remember a thermal challenge.
Mice were conditioned to associate a context with a specific temperature by combining thermoregulatory Pavlovian conditioning with engram-labelling technology, optogenetics and chemogenetics.
We report that if mice are returned to an environment in which they previously experienced a 4 °C cold challenge, they increase their metabolic rates regardless of the actual environmental temperature.
Furthermore, we show that mice have increased hypothalamic activity when they are exposed to the cold, and that a specific network emerges between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus during the recall of a cold memory.
Both natural retrieval and artificial reactivation of cold-sensitive memory engrams in the hippocampus mimic the physiological responses that are seen during a cold challenge. These ensembles are necessary for cold-memory retrieval.
These findings show that retrieval of a cold memory causes whole-body autonomic and behavioural responses that enable mice to maintain thermal homeostasis.
